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Energy from the Sands of Time
ExxonMobil, one of many oil companies operating in Alabama waters, operates the platform east of Dauphin Island. These platforms extract natural gas (methane), a clean-burning petroleum product. The platform lies in 11 feet of water, dripping operations to depths of over 20,000 feet. Once natural gas is found and brought to the surface, it is transferred via an underwater pipeline to processing plants on the mainland.
These photographs demonstrate the porous quality of millions of-year-old sandstone. Ten percent of the sandstone's volume is natural gas compressed within it.
Pores to a pressure between 10,000 and 20,000 pounds per square inch.
The natural gas field found within Mobile Bay and the Alabama Water is the largest field discovered in the continental United States. Concerned citizens, scientists, and state regulators worked with the oil companies to implement an environmentally safe, clean operation with a zero-discharge policy. This policy prohibits the discharge of drilling fluids, petroleum products, and treated sewage from the platform into state waters. Instead, these materials are offloaded and taken to the mainland for proper disposal.
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Mr. Sand and his friends Part II
The grains collect and grow into dunes. Even as they grow, they move as the wind blows them.
Shifting and growing, the dunes stabilize once dune grasses, like sea oats, start sprouting. The plant's roots help anchor them, encouraging further dune growth. And the more due growth, the more plant growth —- a friendly relationship.
These stabilized dunes attract even more plants, like wax myrtle, yucca, and, eventually, the majestic live oak.
These rooting plants add moisture and shelter and promote even more plant colonization.
More and more animals are attracted to plant growth, from plant-eating insects to insect-eating beach mice to owls, hawks, and raccoons.
Thriving with plant life, a dune will continue to grow.
But the bigger it gets, the more exposed it becomes to aeolian (wind) and marine (water) forces, like erosion.
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Mr. Sand and his friends, Park III
During autumn and winter storms, sand is blown offshore. Someday, it will be carried back onshore to build new dunes.
So, as the seasons change, do the dunes. With gentle wind and waves, sand heaps onshore in the spring, forming new dunes. In the summer, sea oats and plants help them grow. In the stormy winter, the dunes erode (wear down).
Susceptible to strong onshore winds, Mr. Sand and his friends tend to move inland, covering everything in their path.
We must help Mr. Sand and his friends by not walking or driving on the dunes. Many places have boardwalks built over the dunes and plants to protect them.
Sand fences, like boardwalks, are another way of protecting dunes. They serve as obstructions so the grains can collect and form new dunes. Planting grasses like sea oats can also help in exposed areas and along pathways.
These conservation practices can only help if we cooperate. Mr. Sand and his friends, along with the forces of nature, form dunes and beaches for you to enjoy.
Let's take care of them in the future.
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Mr. Sand and his friends Part I
Come let Mr. Sand guide you through the life of a dune. Learn how to protect the sand dunes, Mr. Sand, and his friends who live with him.
Once upon a time, about 250 million years ago, bedrock was formed. The hot molten rock formed granite and emerged as the Appalachian Mountains. As the granite and other rocks eroded from the mountains, they formed grains of sand. This sand washed down to the Gulf of Mexico and was deposited onto beaches and dunes now underwater.
Waves and currents washed Mr. Sand away from these old deposits, and he and his friends moved onto the beaches we see now.
The more Mr. Sand and his friends wash along the beach, the more they wear down. They become rounder and more uniform in size and texture.
Away from the mainland, underwater mountains of sand grow grain by grain, becoming "offshore bars." Some can grow so much they emerge above sea level and become "barrier islands."
Dry grains of sand are susceptible to wind, drifting until the wind speed drops.
Once Mr. Sand and his friends land, they collect on the "lee," or sheltered side of obstacles along their flight path.
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| Marine Debris: A Silent Killer
Marine debris Timeline
What is marine debris?
Marine debris is the name for trash that litter our coasts and oceans.
It includes all the objects found in marine and coastal environments that do not naturally occur there. Marine debris is not only a hazard to ships, divers, and beachgoers but also creates a serious threat to our precious marine life.
Marine debris consists of articles made by people and deliberately discarded or accidentally lost. In most cases, it results from careless handling or disposal of solid waste items, including liquid waste containers; it can also be materials lost at sea in bad weather, like fishing gear and cargo.
Marine debris consists mostly of snowy, degradable waste made of persistent materials such as plastic, polystyrene, metals, and glass from a wide variety of different sources.
(thrown or lost into the sea): brought indirectly to the sea with rivers, sewage, stormwater, or winds, which are left by people on beaches and shores.
Where is marine debris found:
. Marine debris is found everywhere worldwide, in marine and coastal environments.
.Marine debris can be blown around and is found floating on the water's surface. Almost 90% of floating marine debris is plastic.
. Marine debris is mixed in the water column, from the surface to the bottom of the ocean.
.Marine debris is found on the seabed. As much as 70% of all marine debris sinks to the bottom of the seabed, both in shallow coastal areas and deeper parts of the ocean.
.Marine debris is found lying on beaches and shores.
How does marine debris harm wildlife?
. Entanglement
Common items like fishing lines, strapping bands, and six-pack rings can hamper marine animals' movement. Once entangled, animals have trouble eating, breathing, or swimming, all of which can have fatal results. Plastics take hundreds of years to break down and may continue to trap and kill animals year after year. Smaller marine creatures get stuck inside plastic and glass containers to die slowly.
Ingestion
Birds, fish, and mammals often mistake plastic for food. Some birds even feed it to their young. With plastic filling their stomachs, animals have a false feeling of being full and may die of starvation. Sea turtles mistake plastic bags for jellyfish, one of their favorite foods. Due to its durability, buoyancy, and ability to absorb and concentrate toxins present in the ocean, plastic is especially harmful to marine life.
Other threats to wildlife
The seabed is smothered, toxic substances accumulate and disperse, environmental changes are caused by invasive species, and habitat disturbances are caused by mechanical cleaning of marine debris.
How does marine debris harm people?
.Contamination of the beaches and harbors creates health hazards to people
.Marine debris also endangers the safety and livelihood of fishermen and recreational boaters. Nets and monofilament fishing lines obstruct propellers, and plastic sheeting and bags block cooling intakes.
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Where am I?
Dauphin Island is at the junction of Mobile Bay, Mississippi Sound, and the Gulf of Mexico. It is the easternmost in a series of changing barrier islands that form the southern boundary of Mississippi Sound.
Mobile Bay is 53 kilometers (35 mi) long, 16 kilometers (10 mi) wide, and averages 3 meters (10ft) deep. It is a drowned river valley that was once deeper and extended farther north. About 6,000 years ago, the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta formed as Mobile Bay became broader and shallower. Mobile Bay has the seventh-largest river discharge in North America (219 to 13,977 cubic meters per second or 5 to 322 billion gallons per day) and is the third-largest in the Gulf of Mexico.
Most ocean waters that enter the Gulf of Mexico come through the Yucatan Channel between Mexico and Cuba.
These waters form circling currents that move across the continental shelf and mix with the freshwater from the land. The water exits the Gulf of Mexico through the Straits of Florida between Florida and Cuba.
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Life in a Salt Marsh
A real partnership
Black needle rush and smooth cordgrass areCordgrasst grasslike plants of Coastal Alabama salt marshes. They provide oxygen to organisms that live below the salt marsh surface and refuge for many animals.
Decomposing plant matter in an environment without oxygen produces the "rotten egg" odor familiar to marshes. However, Cordgrass and Needlerush root systems are spongy and porous, allowing oxygen into the waterlogged soil. This will enable organisms below the surface of the marsh to survive.
Fiddler Crab (Uca spp)
Fiddler Crabs and other small mud crabs burrow into the marsh surface, feeding on the plant matter. Their aquatic larval stages contribute significantly to the food chain.
Smooth Cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora)
Smooth Cordgrass forCordgrasser along the edge of the open water, below the average high tide line. Cordgrass has flattened leaves and a light green color.
Black Needlerush (Juncus roemerianus)
The Black Needlerush comprises the largest vegetated zone of Alabama's salt marshes and is near and above the average high tide line.
Needlerush leaves are round with pointed tips.
Marsh Periwinkle (Littorina irrorata)
The Marsh Periwinkle is a small snail that inhabits shallow bays, ponds, and tidal marshes. It is often seen climbing Spartina stalks to feed on algae and avoid predators.
Ribbed Mussel (Geukensia demissa)
The Ribbed Mussel attaches to mature plants at the mud surface and hardens the marsh, helping it resist erosion. These mussels filter a gallon of seawater an hour for food, fertilize the marsh with their waste, and are food for crabs, birds, and mammals.
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